Ipulasitiki ingeyaluphi uhlobo lwempahla?

Ipulasitiki iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yethu yansuku zonke futhi ingena cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu. Ipulasitiki ingeyaluphi uhlobo lwempahla? Ngokombono wamakhemikhali, amapulasitiki awuhlobo lwezinto zokwenziwa ze-polymer, izingxenye zazo eziyinhloko ezakhiwe ngama-polymers aphilayo. Lesi sihloko sizohlaziya ngokuningiliziwe ukwakheka nokuhlukaniswa kwamapulasitiki kanye nokusebenza kwawo okubanzi ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene.
1. Ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo samakhemikhali epulasitiki

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinto zepulasitiki ezingezona, okokuqala udinga ukuqonda ukwakheka kwawo. Ipulasitiki ikhiqizwa ngokusabela kwe-polymerisation yezinto ze-macromolecular, ikakhulukazi ezakhiwe yi-carbon, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, isulfure nezinye izakhi. Lezi zakhi zakha izakhiwo zamaketango amade, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-polymers, ngokusebenzisa izibopho ezihlangene. Ngokuya ngesakhiwo sawo samakhemikhali, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-thermoplastic kanye nama-thermosets.

I-Thermoplastics: Lezi zinhlobo zamapulasitiki ziyathambisa lapho zishisisiwe futhi zibuyela esimweni sazo sasekuqaleni lapho selipholile, futhi ukufudumeza nokupholisa okuphindaphindiwe akushintshi ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali. I-thermoplastics evamile ihlanganisa i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), ne-polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Amapulasitiki e-Thermosetting: Ngokungafani nama-thermoplastics, amapulasitiki e-thermosetting azoxhunywa ngamakhemikhali ngemva kokushisisa kokuqala, akhe uhlaka lwenethiwekhi olunezinhlangothi ezintathu olunganyibilikiki noma olungaxubeki, ngakho uma selubunjiwe, alukwazi ukonakala ngokufudumeza futhi. Amapulasitiki avamile we-thermoset ahlanganisa ama-phenolic resins (PF), ama-epoxy resins (EP), njalonjalo.

2. Ukuhlukaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki

Ngokusho kwezakhiwo zabo kanye nezicelo, amapulasitiki angahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: amapulasitiki ahloswe ngokujwayelekile, amapulasitiki obunjiniyela namapulasitiki akhethekile.

Amapulasitiki ahloswe ngokujwayelekile: njenge-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), njll., asetshenziswa kakhulu ekupakisheni izinto, impahla yasendlini kanye neminye imikhakha. Zibonakala ngezindleko eziphansi, izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezivuthiwe futhi zifanele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.

Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela: njenge-polycarbonate (PC), inayiloni (PA), njll. Lawa mapulasitiki anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini kanye nokumelana nokushisa, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni, ezintweni zikagesi nezikagesi, izingxenye zemishini kanye nezinye izinkambu ezidinga kakhulu.

Amapulasitiki akhethekile: njenge-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), i-polyether ether ketone (PEEK), njll. Lezi zinto ngokuvamile zinokuphikiswa kwamakhemikhali okukhethekile, ukufakwa kukagesi noma ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, futhi zisetshenziselwa i-aerospace, imishini yezokwelapha kanye nezinye izinkambu zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

3. Izinzuzo Nezinselele Zepulasitiki

Amapulasitiki adlala indima engenakushintshwa embonini yesimanje ngenxa yesisindo sawo esilula, amandla aphezulu kanye nokucutshungulwa okulula. Ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki nakho kuletha izinselelo zemvelo. Njengoba amapulasitiki kunzima ukuwohloka, amapulasitiki alahlwayo anomthelela omkhulu emvelweni, ngakho ukugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamapulasitiki sekuyinkinga yomhlaba wonke.
Embonini, abacwaningi bakha amapulasitiki amasha abolayo ngenjongo yokunciphisa izingozi zemvelo zemfucumfucu yepulasitiki. Ubuchwepheshe bokugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki nawo buyathuthuka, futhi lobu buchwepheshe kulindeleke ukuthi bunciphise kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza amapulasitiki nezingcindezi zemvelo.

Isiphetho

Ipulasitiki iwuhlobo lwe-polymer material eyenziwe ngama-polymers ephilayo, angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki ashisayo kanye ne-thermosetting ngokuya ngezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezahlukahlukene nezindawo zokusebenzisa. Ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, izinhlobo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki kuyakhula, kodwa izinkinga zemvelo ezilethayo azikwazi ukushaywa indiva. Ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinto ezenziwe ngamapulasitiki ngeke zisisize nje ukuthi sisebenzise kangcono le nto, kodwa futhi kusikhuthaze ukuthi sihlole indima yazo ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme.