Ipulasitiki yenziwe ngani?
Njengento ebalulekile empilweni yesimanje, amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi efana nokupakisha, okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi, izimoto kanye nokwakha. Yiziphi izinto ezenziwe ngamapulasitiki? Lokhu empeleni kuhilela isayensi eyinkimbinkimbi yama-polymer embonini yamakhemikhali. Amapulastiki enziwe ngezinhlobonhlobo zama-polymers okwenziwa noma ama-semi-synthetic, futhi lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-polymer zicutshungulwa ngezinqubo ezithile zibe izinto zansuku zonke esizaziyo. Okulandelayo, sizohlaziya ngokuningiliziwe ukwakheka kwamapulasitiki kanye nenqubo yokuwalungiselela.
1. Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zamapulasitiki: ama-polymers
Akhiwe ngani amapulasitiki? Impendulo eyinhloko i-polymers. I-polymer uchungechunge lwama-molecule aphezulu akhiwe inani elikhulu lama-monomers aphindaphindayo axhunywe ukusabela kwe-polymerisation. Ama-polymers ajwayelekile afaka i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polystyrene (PS) ne-polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamapulasitiki zibonisa izakhiwo ezihlukene zomzimba namakhemikhali kuye ngohlobo lwe-monomer esetshenzisiwe, indlela ye-polymerization kanye nesakhiwo samangqamuzana.

I-Polyethylene (PE): i-polymerised kusuka ku-ethylene monomer, evame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni izikhwama zepulasitiki, amafilimu okufaka ukudla, njll.
I-Polypropylene (PP): i-polymerisation ye-propylene monomer, enokumelana okuhle nokushisa, esetshenziswa kabanzi kumabhodlela epulasitiki, izitsha zasendlini.
I-Polystyrene (PS): i-polymerised kusuka ku-styrene monomer, esobala futhi kulula ukwakha, evame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-tableware elahlwayo, izinto zokupakisha.

2. Izithasiselo ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amapulasitiki
Ngaphezu kwama-polymers, amapulasitiki aqukethe izithasiselo ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zazo noma ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza. Lezi zengezo zihlanganisa ama-antioxidants, ama-plasticizers, ama-stabilizers, ama-coloring agents, ama-filler nokunye. Uhlobo nenani lezithasiselo kuthinta ngqo izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki.

Ama-Plasticisers: akhuphula ukuguquguquka kwamapulasitiki futhi awenze kube lula ukucubungula nokubumba. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-PVC.
Ama-Antioxidants: vimbela ipulasitiki ukuthi ingagugi ngenxa ye-oxidation ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa, futhi ithuthukise ukuqina kwayo.
Ama-Fillers: njenge-calcium carbonate, i-talcum powder, esetshenziselwa ukwandisa ubulukhuni nokuzinza kwepulasitiki, kuyilapho kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.

3. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ipulasitiki: ukusabela kwe-polymerization kanye nobuchwepheshe bokubumba
Ukukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki kuhlukaniswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezimbili: ukusabela kwe-polymerization kanye nokubunjwa. Ama-monomers aguqulwa abe ama-polymers ngokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Ngokuya ngendlela ye-polymerisation, ingahlukaniswa ibe i-polymerisation yamahhala, i-anionic polymerisation, i-cationic polymerisation kanye ne-copolymerization. Okulandelayo, i-polymer icutshungulwa ibe yimikhiqizo yomumo oyifunayo ngokubunjwa komjovo, ukukhishwa, ukubunjwa kokushaywa kanye nezinye izinqubo.

Ukubumba umjovo: Ipulasitiki encibilikisiwe eshisiwe icindezelwa esikhunjeni futhi ibunjwe, evame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yepulasitiki esetshenziswa nsuku zonke.
I-Extrusion: Ipulasitiki iyashiswa bese ibunjwa ngokukhipha, ilungele ukwenza imikhiqizo eqhubekayo njengamapayipi namafilimu.
Ukubumba: Ipulasitiki encibilikisiwe iyabunjwa futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo engenalutho njengamabhodlela.

4. Ukuthambekela kokuthuthuka kwamapulasitiki asebenziseka kalula
Ngokukhula kokuqwashisa ngemvelo, abantu baye babeka phambili izidingo zemvelo ezengeziwe zokukhiqiza nokusebenzisa amapulasitiki. Amapulasitiki awonakaliswayo, amapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio kanye namapulasitiki agaywe kabusha aphenduka isiqondiso esisha sentuthuko.

Amapulasitiki awonakalayo: njenge-polylactic acid (PLA), angancishiswa kancane kancane abe yi-carbon dioxide namanzi endaweni yemvelo.
Amapulasitiki asekelwe ku-bio: ama-polymers enziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zezitshalo, njengommbila nomoba, atholakala ngokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha: ngokuvuselela kabusha imikhiqizo yepulasitiki emidala, ngenqubo yokuhlanza, ukuchotshozwa nokukhanda kabusha, asetshenziswa futhi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo emisha.

Isiphetho
Ngokuhlaziywa okungenhla, singaphendula ngokucacile umbuzo othi "iyiphi impahla eyenziwe ngepulasitiki": ipulasitiki yenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngama-polymers okwenziwa kanye nezithasiselo ezihlukahlukene, ezicutshungulwa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokubumba. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulastiki ahambisana nemvelo kushintsha kancane kancane ukuthembela kwethu kumapulasitiki endabuko, futhi kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yepulasitiki ngendlela eluhlaza futhi eqhubekayo.