Izinto eziphambili ezivuthiwe ze-polythelekile, njenge-propylene oxide, i-styrene, i-acrylonitritre kanye ne-ethylene oxide, futhi amanani abo athintwa yi-macroeconomic kanye nezinto ezifunwayo futhi aguqukayo izimo ze-macrochemic kanye nezidingo futhi zifuna ukulawula izindleko phakathi imboni ye-polyther. Yize intengo ye-oxide ye-oxide kulindeleke ukuthi yehle ngo-2022 ngenxa yokuqoshwa kwamandla okukhiqiza amasha, ingcindezi yokulawula izindleko ezivela kwezinye izinto ezinkulu ezivela.

Imodeli yebhizinisi elihlukile le-polytheric

Izindleko zemikhiqizo ye-polythere zihlanganiswa ikakhulukazi ezintweni eziqondile njenge-propelene oxide, i-styrene, i-acrylelonitrile, i-ethylele oxide, njll. Ukwakheka kwamabhizinisi angenhla, amabhizinisi azimele nawo wonke angenayo Ingxenye ethile yesilinganiso sokukhiqiza, ngakho-ke imininingwane yemakethe ekhuphukayo yenkampani ebabazekayo icacile. Ngokwehla komkhakha, imikhiqizo ye-polyther inezindawo ezahlukahlukene zezicelo, futhi amakhasimende akhombisa izici zevolumu enkulu, ukusakazeka kanye nesidingo esiguquguqukayo, ngakho-ke imboni ehlukahlukene, ngakho-ke imboni ehlukahlukene yamukela imodeli yebhizinisi "yokukhiqiza ngokuthengisa".

Izinga lobuchwepheshe kanye nezimpawu zobuchwepheshe ze-polythere imboni

Njengamanje, izinga le-National Inconyiwe Yezimboni ze-polythelekile yi-GB / T12008.1-7, kepha umenzi ngamunye uqala ukwakheka kwawo kwebhizinisi. Amabhizinisi ahlukene akhiqiza uhlobo olufanayo lwemikhiqizo ngenxa yokwehluka, ubuchwepheshe, imishini ebalulekile, imizila yenqubo, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, kukhona umehluko othize ngekhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nokuqina kokusebenza.

Kodwa-ke, amanye amabhizinisi embonini asenze ubuchwepheshe obuphambili obuyisisekelo ngokuqongelela okuhlala isikhathi eside kwe-R & D kanye nobuchwepheshe, futhi ukusebenza kwemikhiqizo yabo kufinyelele ezingeni eliphakeme lemikhiqizo efanayo phesheya.

Iphethini yokuncintisana kanye nokumaketha kwemboni ye-polythere

(1) Iphethini yokuncintisana yamazwe omhlaba kanye nokumaketha komkhakha wezempi

Ngesikhathi sesikhathi seminyaka engu-13 yesihlanu, umthamo wokukhiqizwa womhlaba wonke we-polyther ukhula ngokujwayelekile, futhi ukunwetshwa okuphambili kokukhiqizwa kwamandla okukhiqiza kuse-Asia, phakathi kwe-China okungcono kakhulu kanye nezwe lokuthengisa ye-polytheth. I-China, i-United States neYurophu yizomsebenzi omkhulu we-polyther kanye nabakhiqizi abakhulu be-polyther emhlabeni. Ngokombono wamabhizinisi wokukhiqiza, njengamanje, amayunithi omhlaba wonke we-polyleatherium amayunithi amakhulu futhi agxile ekukhiqizeni, ikakhulukazi ezandleni zezinkampani eziningi ezinkulu zamazwe ahlukahlukene njenge-BASF, i-Costco, iDow Chemical Chemical ne-Shell.

(2) Iphethini yokuncintisana kanye nokumaketha kweMkhakha Wezemifanekiso Yasekhaya

Umkhakha we-polyurethane waseChina waqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1960, futhi kusukela ngonyaka ka-1960s, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960s, imboni ye-polyurethane yayisesigabeni se-nasten, kusukela ngo-100,000 amathani we-polyteare ngo-1995. Kusukela ngo-2000, ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo Emboni ye-polyurethane yasekhaya, inani elikhulu lezitshalo ze-polyther lalisanda kwakhiwa futhi izitshalo ze-polyther zandiswe eChina, kanti amandla okukhiqiza akhuliswa ngokuqhubekayo, futhi ama-polythere embonini akhulisa umkhakha wamakhemikhali athuthukayo eChina. Imboni ye-polythere isiphenduke imboni ekhula ngokushesha embonini yamakhemikhali yaseChina.

Umkhuba wenqanaba lenzuzo embonini ye-polythere

Izinga lenzuzo lemboni ye-polythelekile linqunywa ngokuqukethwe kwezobuchwepheshe kwemikhiqizo kanye nenani elingezwe ngezicelo ezaphansi, futhi lithonywe ukuguquguquka kwamanani entengo eluhlaza nezinye izinto.

Emkhakheni we-polythere, izinga lenzuzo lamabhizinisi liyahluka kakhulu ngenxa yokwehluka kwesilinganiso, izindleko, ubuchwepheshe, isakhiwo somkhiqizo kanye nokuphathwa. Amabhizinisi anamakhono aqinile we-R & D, ikhwalithi enhle yomkhiqizo nemisebenzi emikhulu evame ukuba namandla aqinile wokuxoxisana kanye namazinga wenzuzo aphezulu ngenxa yenqubo yawo ephezulu yokukhiqiza amandla aphezulu angezwe aphezulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunomkhuba womncintiswano onobunzima bemikhiqizo ye-polyther, izinga lawo inzuzo lizohlala lisezingeni eliphansi, noma lincipha.

Ukuqashwa okunamandla kokuvikelwa kwemvelo nokuphethwa kwezokuphepha kuzolawula i-oda lezezimboni

Uhlelo "lwe-14th lweminyaka emihlanu" lubeka phambili phambili ukuthi "ukukhishwa okuphelele kokungcoliswa okukhulu kuzoqhubeka nokuncishiswa, indawo yemvelo izoqhubeka nokuthuthuka, futhi isithiyo sezokuphepha semvelo sizobe siqinile". Izindinganiso zemvelo ezikhulayo zizokhulisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezemvelo, ukuphoqa izinkampani ukuthi ziguqule izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ukuqinisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza eziluhlaza kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha kwezinto ezikhiqizwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nemikhiqizo engezwe umkhiqizo. Ngasikhathi sinye, imboni izoqhubeka nokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwangaphambi kwamandla okuphezulu, umthamo wokungcola ophakeme, izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza, ekwenzeni indawo ehlanzekile

Ngasikhathi sinye, imboni izoqhubeka nokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphezulu emuva, umthamo wokukhiqiza ophakeme, izinqubo zokukhiqiza kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza, ukuze amabhizinisi okuvikela ama-R & D avelele, futhi akhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwezimboni okuqhubekayo , ukuze amabhizinisi aqonde ekuqondisweni kwentuthuko enkulu, futhi ekugcineni akhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo kwezempilo.

Izithiyo eziyisikhombisa embonini ye-polythere

(1) izithiyo zobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe

Njengoba izinkambu zohlelo lokusebenza zemikhiqizo ye-polyther ziyaqhubeka ukwandisa, izidingo zezimboni ezansi nomgwaqo ama-polyatere kancane kancane akhombisa izici zobungcweti, ukwehluka kanye nokwenza okuthandwa nguwe. Ukukhetha kwendlela yokuphendula yamakhemikhali, ukwakheka kwe-Catalyst, ubuchwepheshe be-catalyst kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi ye-polyther konke kubaluleke kakhulu futhi sekuyizinto eziyinhloko zamabhizinisi ukuhlanganyela emncintiswaneni wemakethe. Ngezidingo zikazwelonke ezihlangenwe nakho ekusindisweni kwamandla nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, imboni izothuthukisa futhi ekuholeni kokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ikhabhoni ephansi nenani eliphakeme elingezwe ngokuzayo. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenziseka kahle ubuchwepheshe kungumgoqo obalulekile wokungena kulo mkhakha.

(2) Isithiyo sethalente

Isakhiwo samakhemikhali se-polyther sihle kakhulu kangangokuba ushintsho oluncane ochungechungeni lwayo lwama-molecular luzodala ushintsho ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo, ngakho-ke ukunemba kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kunezidingo eziphakeme zokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, inqubo yokuthuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kanye namathalente okulawulwa kokukhiqizwa. Ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ye-polyther kuqinile, okudinga hhayi kuphela ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo ekhethekile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene, kepha futhi namandla okuguqula imikhiqizo yezokwakheka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngemikhiqizo yezemikhakha yezezimali ezansi.

Ngakho-ke, lo mkhakha unezidingo eziphakeme zamathalente angochwepheshe kanye nezobuchwepheshe, okumele abe nesisekelo esiqinile se-theoretical, kanye nesipiliyoni esicebile se-R & D kanye nekhono lokuqamba eliqinile. Njengamanje, ochwepheshe basekhaya abanesizinda esiqinile sethiyori kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okucebile embonini kusalokhu kunqabile. Imvamisa, amabhizinisi embonini azohlanganisa ukwethulwa okuqhubekayo kwamathalente nokuqeqeshwa okulandelwayo, futhi athuthukise ukuncintisana kwawo okuyisisekelo ngokusungula indlela yethalente elilungele izici zawo. Kwabangeneleli abasha embonini, ukuntuleka kwamathalente ochwepheshe kuzokwakha isithiyo ekungeneni.

(3) Isithiyo Sokuthengwa Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswayo

I-Phylene Oxide iyinto ebalulekile eluhlaza embonini yamakhemikhali futhi iyizekhemikhali eziyingozi, ngakho-ke amabhizinisi okuthenga adinga ukuba neziqu zokukhiqiza ukuphepha. Ngaleso sikhathi, abahlinzeki basekhaya be-oxylene oxide ikakhulukazi izinkampani zamakhemikhali ezinkulu njenge-Sinopec Group, i-Jishen Chemic Company Limited, Shandong Jinling Company Limited, Binhua, Wanhua Chemical CuntSman. Amabhizinisi ashiwo ngenhla ancamela ukusebenzisana namabhizinisi anezinzipho eziqinile ze-oxide apperum umthamo lapho ukhetha amakhasimende aphansi, wakhe ubudlelwano obuhlukile, bagxile ekusebenzeni kwabo phansi nokuqina. Lapho abangeneli abasha embonini bengenawo amandla okusebenzisa i-propelene oxide ngokuqinile, kunzima ngabo ukuthola ukuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezinzile ezivela kubakhiqizi.

(4) Isithiyo esikhulu

Isithiyo senhlokodolobha yalombondisi sikhonjiswa ikakhulukazi ezicini ezintathu: Okokuqala, ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo kwezobuchwepheshe, okwesibili, isilinganiselo sokukhiqiza esidingekayo ukuze kufezekiswe ezomnotho, kanti okwesithathu, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemishini yokuvikela imvelo. Ngejubane lokufakwa esikhundleni komkhiqizo, amazinga asezingeni, elenzelwe ukwehla okuphansi kanye namazinga aphezulu wezokuphepha kanye namazinga wezemvelo, izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezindleko zokusebenza kwamabhizinisi ziyavuka. Kubangenisi abasha embonini, kufanele bafinyelele esikalini esithile sezomnotho ukuze bancintisane namabhizinisi akhona ngokuya ngemishini, ubuchwepheshe, izindleko kanye nethalente, ngaleyo ndlela bakha umgoqo wezezimali embonini.

(5) Isithiyo sohlelo lokuphatha

Izicelo ezaphansi ze-polyrem ze-polyther zibanzi futhi zihlakazekile, futhi uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lomkhiqizo kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwezidingo zamakhasimende zinezidingo eziphakeme ngekhono lokusebenza kohlelo lokuphatha. Izinsizakalo zabahlinzeki, kufaka phakathi i-R & D, izinto zokuhlola, ukukhiqizwa, ukuphathwa kwe-yokusungula kanye nokuthengisa ngemuva, konke kudinga uhlelo oluthembekile lokulawula ikhwalithi kanye ne-apply chain efanelekile yokusekelwa. Uhlelo lokuphatha olungenhla ludinga ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi eside kanye nenani elikhulu lokutshala imali enkulu, eliba yisithiyo esikhulu ekungeneni abakhiqizi abancane nabaphakathi.

(6) Ukuvikelwa Kwezemvelo Nezithiyo Zokuphepha

Amabhizinisi amakhemikhali aseChina okusebenzisa uhlelo lokuvunyelwa, ukuvulwa kwamabhizinisi amakhemikhali kufanele ahlangabezane nemibandela ebekiwe futhi evunyelwe imvume ngaphambi kokukhiqiza nasekusebenzeni. Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphambili zemboni yenkampani, njenge-propelene oxide, kukhona amakhemikhali anobungozi, namabhizinisi angena kule nkambu kufanele aqhubeke nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi eziqinile njengokubuyekezwa kwephrojekthi, ukubuyekeza ukukhiqizwa kwesivivinyo kanye nokwamukelwa okuphelele ilayisense ngaphambi kokuthi ikhiqize ngokusemthethweni.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuthuthuka kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho, izidingo zikazwelonke zokukhiqizwa kwezokuphepha, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukuncishiswa kwamandla nokuncishiswa kwama-polyrium kuphezulu, amabhizinisi amaningi ama-polyther, anzuzo anzuzo angeke akwazi ukukhokhela Izindleko ezandayo zokuphepha nezemvelo zokuvikela imvelo futhi kancane kancane zihoxe. Ukutshala imali ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo sekube ngesinye sezithiyo ezibalulekile zokungena embonini.

(7) Isithiyo somkhiqizo

Ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-polyurethane ngokuvamile yamukela inqubo yesikhathi esisodwa yokubumba, futhi uma nje ama-polythelekile njengoba impahla eluhlaza enezinkinga, kuzodala izinkinga zekhwalithi enkulu kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ye-polyurethane. Ngakho-ke, ikhwalithi ezinzile yemikhiqizo ye-polyther ivame ukuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kubasebenzisi. Ikakhulu kumakhasimende embonini yezimoto, banezinqubo eziqinile zokucwaningwa kwamabhuku okuhlolwa komkhiqizo, ukuhlolwa, isitifiketi kanye nokukhethwa, futhi kudingeka ukuthi udlule ama-batches amancane, ama-batches amaningi kanye nokuhlolwa kwesikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, ukudalwa komkhiqizo kanye nokuqongelelwa kwezinsizakusebenza zamakhasimende kudinga inani lesikhathi eside nelikhulu lokutshalwa kwezimali okugcwele, futhi kunzima kubana abangenayo ukuncintisana namabhizinisi okuqala, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka a Isithiyo somkhiqizo oqinile.