Ezinqumweni zokuthenga ngaphakathiimboni yamakhemikhali, izindinganiso zokupakishwa kwamakhemikhali ziphakathi kokucatshangelwa okubalulekile kwabathengi. Idizayini yokupakisha enengqondo nokukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo akuqinisekisi ukuphepha komkhiqizo kuphela kodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokuhamba nezokugcina. Le ndatshana izohlaziya ngokuningiliziwe amazinga okupakisha amakhemikhali abathengi okudingeka bawaqonde kusukela ezicini ezintathu: ukukhethwa kwezinto zokupakisha, izidingo zokulebula, nokwakheka kokupakisha kanye nezidingo zokuhamba.
Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Zokupakisha
Lapho ukhetha izinto zokupakisha zamakhemikhali, ukucatshangelwa okuyinhloko ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali wento. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali zinezidingo ezahlukene zezinto zokupakisha. Isibonelo, amakhemikhali ayingozi angase adinge amabhodlela engilazi, kuyilapho amakhemikhali asekelwe ku-solvent afanele amabhodlela epulasitiki noma amathini ensimbi. Amabhodlela engilazi anenzuzo yokungabi namandla kwamakhemikhali aphezulu futhi awakhiphi izinto eziyingozi. Kodwa-ke, ukungalungi kwabo kuhlanganisa izindleko eziphakeme kanye nesidingo sokupakisha okukhethekile ngesikhathi sokuthutha ukuvimbela ukuphuka. Amabhodlela epulasitiki anezindleko eziphansi, kulula ukucubungula nokuthuthwa, kodwa amapulasitiki athambekele ekukhangiseni amakhemikhali, futhi ukugcinwa kwesikhathi eside kungase kubangele ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Amathini ensimbi anokumelana nokugqwala okuhle nokusebenza kokuvala, okuwenza afaneleke kumakhemikhali anyibilika kalula noma asebenze kakhulu, nakuba izindleko zawo zokukhiqiza ziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ukumelana nokushisa kwezinto zokupakisha nakho kuwukucatshangelwa okubalulekile. Ekukhiqizeni amakhemikhali, amakhemikhali ngokuvamile adinga ukugcinwa futhi athuthwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphakeme noma eziphansi. Amabhodlela engilazi aphezulu ancibilika kakhulu kanye namathini ensimbi angasetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, kuyilapho amabhodlela epulasitiki ejwayele ukuguqulwa futhi awafaneleki ukugcina izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Ukusebenziseka kabusha kanye nobungane bemvelo bezinto zokupakisha nakho kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezikhathaza abathengi besimanje; ukukhetha izinto ezithinta imvelo kunganciphisa umthwalo endaweni ezungezile.
Amalebula Nezimpawu
Amalebula ajwayelekile emaphaketheni amakhemikhali kufanele aqukathe izingcezu eziningi ezibalulekile zolwazi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokulandelela komkhiqizo. Ngokwe-International Chemical Safety Labeling Standard (ITIS), amalebula adinga ukufaka ulwazi olufana negama lekhemikhali, ukuhlukaniswa, izakhiwo eziyingozi, izimo zokulondoloza, kanye nenombolo yelayisensi yokukhiqiza. Emakethe yaseShayina, amalebula amakhemikhali kufanele ahambisane nemithetho kazwelonke yokulebula amakhemikhali okuphepha, nokuqukethwe okunemininingwane eyengeziwe okuhlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa, ukusetshenziswa, izimo zokulondoloza, kanye nemiyalo yabathintwayo abaphuthumayo.
Ukucaca nokunemba kwamalebula nokumaka kubalulekile ezinqumweni zabathengi. Uma imininingwane yelebula ingaphelele noma ingacacile, abathengi bangase bangakwazi ukuhlola kahle ukuphepha komkhiqizo nezimo zokulondoloza. Ifonti nokwakheka kokuqukethwe kwamalebula kufanele nakho kuhlangabezane nezimfuneko ezijwayelekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abafundi bangakwazi ukuqonda ngokunembile okuqukethwe ilebula.
Idizayini yokupakisha kanye Nezidingo Zokuthutha
Idizayini yokupakisha iyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthuthwa okuphephile kwamakhemikhali. Idizayini engavuzi ingavimbela ukupakishwa ukuthi ingavuzi ngesikhathi sokuthutha, ivikele ukuphepha kokuqukethwe. Idizayini yokuvikela umswakama ifaneleka ukugcina nokuthutha amakhemikhali abamba umswakama noma axutshwe ne-oxidizable, angasebenzisa izendlalelo ezivikela umswakama noma izinto ezikhethekile. Idizayini eqinisekisa ukushaqeka ibhekana nokudlidliza okungaba khona ngesikhathi sokuthutha, kusetshenziswa izinto eziqinile nezakhiwo ezivaliwe.
Ngokwezidingo zokuthutha, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali zinezindinganiso ezihlukene zokupakisha nezokuthutha. Amakhemikhali ayingozi adinga ukupakishwa okukhethekile namalebula, kanye ne-anti-seepage tape kanye nemishini yokulwa nokushayisana ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Amakhemikhali avuthayo noma aqhumayo adinga imiklamo ekhethekile yokupakisha kanye nemiyalelo yokusingatha. Ngesikhathi sokuthutha, izinto zokupakisha namalebula kufanele kuhlale kungashintshile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ulwazi alulahleki lapho kutholwa.
Isifinyezo
Amazinga okupakisha amakhemikhali ayisisekelo esibalulekile kubathengi embonini yamakhemikhali lapho bekhetha izinto zokupakisha namalebula. Ukukhetha izinto zokupakisha ezifanele akuhlobene kuphela nokuphepha komkhiqizo kodwa futhi kuthinta izindleko zokuhamba nezokugcina. Ukucaca nokunemba kwamalebula nokumaka kuyizidingo eziyisisekelo zabathengi mayelana nekhwalithi yokupakisha. Ngokuqonda ngokujulile izindinganiso zokupakishwa kwamakhemikhali, abathengi bangenza izinqumo zokuthenga benolwazi, baqinisekise ukuphepha nokuhambisana nemikhiqizo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wabo wokuphila.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-14-2025
